References and evidence

References for our information materials

Meningitis can affect anyone

After meningitis

McGill F, et al., The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults, J Infect (2016). More here
NICE clinical guideline 102
Patient experience
Shears D, Nadel S, Gledhill J, Gorden F, Garralda ME (2007) Psychiatric adjustment in the year after meningococcal disease in childhood. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 46(1): 76-82
Borg J, Christie D, Coen PG, Booy R and Viner RM (2009) Outcomes of meningococcal disease in adolescents: prospective matched cohort study. Paediatrics. 123(3): e502 – e50

Bereavement following meningitis (formerly Meningitis bereavement information)

Expert opinion from counsellors
Catherine Sanders (1999) Grief The Mourning After, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp.4-5

Your Guide

Meningococcal disease

NICE Clinical Guideline 102
Parikh SR1, Campbell H2, Gray SJ et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, intensive care admission and outcomes of invasive meningococcal disease in England, 2010-2015. Vaccine. 2018 Jun 2018;36(26)
Viner RM1, Booy R, Johnson H, et al. Outcomes of invasive meningococcal serogroup B disease in children and adolescents (MOSAIC): a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Sep;11(9):774-83
Public Heath England. The complete routine immunisation schedule
Oxford Vaccine Group. Meningococcal disease information

Pneumococcal meningitis

Tuberculous (TB) meningitis

Thwaites G, Chau TTH, Mai NTH, Drobniewski F, McAdam K, Farrar J (2000) Tuberculosis meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 68: 289-299
NICE Clinical Guideline NG33
Department of Health. Immunisation against infectious disease. Chapter 32. 2018
Thwaites G (2017) Tuberculous meningitis. Medicine 45:11 670-673
Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C et al. (2009) British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. The Journal of infection 59(3):167-87.
www.tbalert.org
Davis AG, Meintjes G & Wilkinson RJ (2018) Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis and Its Complications in Adults. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 20:5

Viral meningitis

Logan S and MacMahon E. Viral meningitis. BMJ. 2008 336: 36 – 40
McGill F, Griffiths M, Bonnett L et al. Incidence aetiology and sequalae of viral meningitis in UK adults: a multicentre prospective observation short study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Sep;2018(9):992-1003
Meningitis Now (Meningitis Trust) survey 2012 – summary attached to fact sheet
Expert opinions

Meningitis vaccines

Learning and developmental concerns after meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia

Personal experience
Expert opinion
Child Brain Injury Trust workshop “Don’t judge a book by its cover”
De Louvois J, Halket S, Harvey D (2006) Effect of meningitis in infancy on school leaving examination results. Arch. Dis. Child. Online doi: 10.1136/adc2006.105916
Viner R, Booy R, Johnson H et al (2012) Outcomes of invasive meningococcal serogroup B disease in children and adolescents (MOSAIC): a case control study. Lancet Neurology. 11(9): 774 - 783

Neonatal meningitis

GroupB Streptococcus (GBS) in pregnancy and newborn babies: information for you. Royal College Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (December 2017)
de Louvois J, Halket S, Harvey D (2005) Neonatal meningitis in England and Wales: sequelae at 5 years of age. European Journal of Paediatrics. 164: 730-734.
Okike, IO; Ladhani, SN; Johnson et al. (2018) Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Poor Outcome in Infants Less Than 90 Days of Age with Bacterial Meningitis in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Paediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 37 (9).
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. GroupB Streptococcal Disease, Early-onset (Green-top Guideline No. 36) Third Edition
Expert opinion

Disease statistics

The following sources were used for all information materials containing disease statistics: